A brief comparison between characters Essay

In the start we see that the two children of Mr and Mrs Birling(Sheila and Eric), support their parents in the beginning. Their character was exactly mirrored their parents view. Gerald however, is remains the same and refuses to change his character and is the same as Mr and Mrs Birling. This is not so obvious in the beginning, but if u study the book really carefully, you would see that there are many quotes that suggest that Gerald Croft was always in support of Mr. Birling, such as â€Å"Yes, exactly so† and so on. Mr Birling also goes on to tell Gerald and Eric â€Å"how a man should know how to look after himself†. This shows Mr Birling lack of civic mindedness and how emphasises on how selfish he is. There are also other instances on how selfish he is. For example, when he only cares for his knighthood and his reputation when news gets round of his family causing Eva to commit suicide. There is also no doubt that he is a unfeeling man when he shows no regret and remorse when he sacked Eva. Rather, he feels that he was not responsible for Eva Smith’s death. Mrs. Birling had almost a 100 percent mirror of Mr. Birling except that she flexes her muscles as head of the charity organization to refuse help to Eva Smith. She felt that it was impertinent of Eva to call herself Mrs Birling. Furthermore, she was a liar (as her children soon found out) as she had refused to acknowledge the photo of Eva and was adamant about not having met her. However after repeated questioning, she admitted that Eva had came to her for help before. She is also in the dark about Eric’s drinking habit and realizes that Sheila is not as pure as Mrs. Birling thought she was (â€Å"ran away with only a torn blouse†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Shelia!†). This goes to show that Mrs Birling does not understand her children well enough to reveal their characters. Sheila had been thought to be a simple-minded girl and who was always excited. However after tonight, she became a changed person. She became the opposite of her parents and her views contradict the views of her parents. She felt that she was solely responsible that Eva had committed suicide. However, she knew the â€Å"importance† of civic mindedness when she discovers  that all of the Birlings and Gerald had each played a part to help in killing her. Sheila is also perceptive when she says that the inspector â€Å"he’s giving us the rope – so that we’ll hang ourselves†. This shows that she thinks deeply and with consideration. In this way, she becomes wiser at the end of the play and views things from a different angle. Gerald is seen as a dynamic character, who switches his â€Å"face† again and again so that we view different angles of him. In the start, he agrees with everything Mr. Birling about civic mindedness and all that nonsense. Our impression of him at the start is a man who has a lack of civic mindedness and indifference. However, we see a change in his character when he comes clean on having a relationship with Eva. But there is just one flaw, when the Inspector leaves and he comes back, he tells them that there was no such Inspector. When it was confirmed with a phone call to the Colonel Roberts, he breathes a heavy sigh of relief. Does this show that he was hypocritical and only wanted to get off the hook? For Eric, we can see that he contradicts with whatever his father says. Even at the end, he argues with his father daringly. It is not sure whether he had argued with on the basis of spiting him or to really show his true feelings on how his father had treated Eva. He also shows remorse when he says â€Å"we did her in all right†. He also stands strong on Sheila’s side on how it did not matter whether the Inspector was a fraud. What was important was that they had all did something wrong even if the girls were different.

Companies Are Incorporated And Operated On The Premises Of Agency Theory Accounting Essay

Companies are incorporated and operated on the premises of Agency Theory. The Agency Theory spells out that there should be a working relationship between the direction of the company and the investors of the company in order to maximise the stockholders wealth. The way for the traditional research of corporate administration was set up by Berle and Means ( 1932 ) , when they presented an bureau theory to divide ownership from control. This theory to divide ownership from control led to the development of the bureau theory. The early rivals of the bureau theory assert that the bureau relationship is a contract under which one party ( the principal ) engages another party ( the agent ) to execute some service on their behalf. ( Coase, 1937, Jenson and Meckling, 1976 and Fama and Jensan, 1983 ) . The bureau theory is of import, yet different writers and research workers see it from controversial positions. The footing of the bureau theory appears from the separation of direction and fundss Sleifer & A ; Vish, ( 1996 ) . Agency theory is widely used as a model in many research of corporate administration. It is used in research state of affairss where the benefit on one party ( the principal ) is dependent on the behavior and actions of 2nd party ( the agent ) . The constructs and rules of corporate administration are chiefly based upon the bureau theory. Good corporate administration requires an effectual board to take the company so that it creates wealth for the stockholders and besides to run into other stakeholders ‘ outlooks. For illustration, Barclays Board of Directors, guided by Group Chairman Marcus Agius, runs the concern on behalf of stockholders. As a scheduled company on the London Stock Exchange, Barclays meets the footings with the UK Combined Code on Corporate Governance. Barclays Executive Committee includes the most superior leaders in the concern, headed up by Group Chief Executive John Varley. It has proclaimed the enlargement of its Executive Committee and alters to its organisation and senior direction undertakings, puting its concerns to convey strongly in the developing fiscal services industry. Stockholders are placed as one of the stakeholders that directors must see throughout their determination doing on how a corporation can and should be set and implement way Jonker J, ( 2003 ) in Freeman ( 1984 ) . Although the bureau theory is expected to make a smooth and good relationship between the principal and the agent, there are some jobs which arise because of the impossibleness of absolutely undertaking for every action of an agent whose determination affects both his ain public assistance and the public assistance of the principal, ( Brennan, 1995 ) . Agency theory is concentrating at everyplace bureau connexion, in which one party ( the principal ) designate work to another ( the agent ) , who carry out that work. The theory is related with work outing two jobs that can happen in bureau relationships. The first is the bureau trouble that happens when ( a ) the yearning or aim of the principal and agent clang and ( B ) it is difficult or dearly-won for the principal to corroborate that the agent had acted appropriately. The 2nd is the trouble of hazard sharing that happens when the principal and agent have dissimilar attack in the way of the hazard. The job here is that the principal and the agent may prefer different actions because of the different hazard penchants ( Elsenhadt, 1989 ) . Barclays Capital and/or its associates may, from clip to clip, have topographic points in, and may, as chief or agent, purchase or retail the Securities. Barclays Capital shall non be lawfully responsible to any single on any base for any dead or costs go oning straight or indirectly out of the exercising of or dependence on any of the appraisal or in sequence set out herein. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.barx.com/legal/index.html ) From the bureau theory position, the aim of corporate administration is to guarantee that directors resort to value maximising schemes ( Shleifer and Vishny, 1997 ) . There have besides been efforts to linkthe â€Å" resource based position † and the â€Å" managerial rents theory † ( Castanians and Helfat, 2001 ) with corporate administration, in the strategic direction literature. This position maintains that corporate administration variables are the factors, which are considered cardinal and of import to the effectivity of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance ‘s cardinal variables are closely associated with the success or failure of companies and a cardinal managerial resource or human capital and therefore a possible beginning of competitory advantage to the house. Many companies have failed in the United Kingdom and this has stimulated argument about Corporate Governance. The prostration of the Maxwell Publishing Group in the late eightiess stimulated the Cadbury Report in 1992. In the 1990s instances like the Poly Peck, BCCI and Marconi farther necessitated a demand for proper Corporate Governance. In looking at all these incidences of Corporate Governance inefficiencies and ineffectualness, it is noticeable that some instances are clearly a affair of concern planning and hapless decision-making by direction. The strategic planning is the exclusive duty of the board. This therefore points it out that the board composing plays a major function in the success or failure of the concern. As is clear now, BP could hold put in more honest to extra diminish or maintain off from the jeopardy of sloping oil into the ocean. Even with Green Project Management, if BP ‘s pick was non to pass more in a hazard response strategy, so possibly they should hold approximate the party costs necessary for a clean-up activity as they are at present commencing. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //sustainablecitiescollective.com/richmaltzman/ ) The prostration of many companies is as a consequence of fraud. Fraud could be in signifier of cover-up and deception by direction or in some instances it could be the combination of both. The WorldCom in the United States and Maxwell, BCCI and Poly Peck in the United Kingdom are authoritative and living illustrations. Another issue is the inquiry of regulative inadvertence, as highlighted in the instance of Enron. Then Combined Code was introduced in the UK to reconstruct the investor ‘s assurance following many prostrations and company failures of those large corporations. The Directors are accountable for internal control in HSBC and for reconsidering its efficiency. Events have been planned for saving assets against illegal usage or disposition ; for continuing good accounting records ; and for the consistence of pecuniary information used within the concern or for journal. Such events are considered to pull off instead than make off with the hazard of dislocation to achieve concern aims and can merely offer reasonable and non complete declaration aligned with important misstatement, mistake, losingss or fraud. The actions besides allow HSBC Holdings to unclutter its duties under the Handbook of Rules and Guidance issued by the Financial Services Authority, HSBC ‘s guide supervisory organic structure. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hsbc.com )2.2.2 The Original Combined Code-1998The Combined Code is made up of three chief studies. The original combined codification incorporates the recommendations of the Cadbury, Greenbury and Hampel studi esCadbury Report ( Cadbury, Sir Adrian, 1992 )The Committee issued a scope of recommendations for good corporate administration in a Code of Best Practice. The Cadbury study addressed four chief countries viz. , Board of Directors, Non-executive managers, Executive managers and Company Accounts. The chief recommendations of the Cadbury study are explained below: ( ICSA 2003 pp 151 – 152 ) .Board of managersThe board should run into on a regular basis, supervising the public presentation of the executive direction. Control over the company should be exercised jointly by the board of managers as a whole, with a clearly recognized division of duty between the main executive and the president to avoid domination of the board by a individual person or by a little group of executive managers. The Code argued that it was desirable to divide these functions, so that the same individual did non transport out both. It did non province that the same individual should ne'er be both president and main executive, but recommended that when this did go on, there should be a strong independent component on board to move as a counter-force, with a recognized senior member to take them. The board should hold formal agenda of affairs specifically reserved to it for determination to guarantee way and control is steadfastly in its custodies and does non let power transportation to an almighty main executive or president.Non-executive managersThere should be a sufficient figure of non-executives, suitably qualified for the positions to transport weight. Non-executive managers should be able to convey independent judgement and experience to the deliberations of the that the executive managers on their ain would miss. Non-executive managers should be selected through a formal procedure and they should be appointed for a fixed term. Reappointment at the terminal of that term should non be automatic.Executive managersThe service contract of an executive manager should non transcend three old ages without stockholders blessing. The intent of this demand was to put a bound to the size of the pay-off for a manager who is forced to go forth the company, or illustration as a hapless public presentation and stockholder force per unit area. The wage of the executive managers should be decided by a wage commission, dwelling entirely or chiefly of non-executives.The histories of the companyThe board should set up an audit commission of at least three non-executive managers, with written footings of mention. The board of managers should show a balanced and apprehensible appraisal of the company ‘s fiscal place to the stockholders including a statement in the one-year study about the company ‘s abi lity to go on as a traveling concern. The managers should describe to the stockholders on the full system of the internal control in the company. The board of Lloyds group believe that superior administration is innermost to achieving the Group ‘s regulating thought of maximizing stockholder monetary value in surplus of clip. That has been highest in managers ‘ attending when seting on the values restricted in the combined codification on corporate administration issued by the Financial Reporting Council. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/business/ ) A board incorporating executive and non-executive managers with wide cognition guide the Lloyds group.A The choice of managers is measured by the board and, supervising the necessities in the articles of association, they must stand for ballot by the stockholders at the first one-year general meeting following their choice and must go forth, and may acquire up for re-election by the stockholders, as a lower limit every three old ages. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/ )Greenbury Report ( Greenbury, Sr Richard, 1995 )In 1995 a commission was set up to look into the wage bundle and service contracts of the managers. The concern was centered around the ‘fat cat issue ‘ . This referred to the managers who paid themselves immense wages. There was another concern sing the failure of wage bundles to supply a suited inducement for managers to execute better. The study recommended the followers are other things: Directors ‘ wage and service contrac ts ; Disclosure and Approval and Remuneration Committee ( ICSA 2003, pp 152 – 153 ) .Directors ‘ wage and Service contractsA wage commission dwelling wholly of non-executive managers should make up one's mind the wage of the executive managers ‘ .The maximal notice period in an executive manager ‘s service contract should usually be 12 months, compared to the three old ages maximum recommended by the Cadbury codification. In exceeding fortunes notice periods of up to two old ages might be sensible, by merely on occasion should a notice period exceed this. The Report included general recommendation about wage, but most of these were slackly phrased and unfastened to wide reading. They included nevertheless: Executive wage should non be inordinate, but the wage commission should offer wage bundles that are sufficient to pull, retain and actuate person of the needed quality. The public presentation related elements of the wage should make a nexus between the involvements of the manager with those of the stockholders. The public presentation standards should be ‘relevant, stretching and designed to heighten the concern affairs ‘ .Matters for the wage commission to see should include the phasing of any reward strategy s, the nature of any portion option bundle and the deductions of each component of the wage bundle for payments into the manager ‘s pension strategy. Puting an upper bound to options granted as portion of a manager ‘s wage strategy should non be issued at a price reduction. Before Greenbury, it was rather usual in the UK to allow portion options to managers with an exercising monetary value at some price reduction to the current market monetary value. Share options should be granted to managers in phased sums over clip the in individual big awards. A steadfast line should be taken on the payment of compensation to managers dismissed for unsatisfactory public presentation. In the public perceptual experience, a high wage off to an outgoing main executive can look really much like a wages for failure. The Board of Ladbrokes Plc manus over the Remuneration Committee with the liability for the scheme in regard of the executive managers and senior executives. In regard of other workers the executive managers have been manus over answerability to run within the wage scheme and program construction recognized by the Board. The Board at the advice of the Nomination Committee makes agenda to the committee, which discuss with the Chairman of the Remuneration Committee. The Committee normally request the Chief Executive and the HR manager to be present at commission conference about suggestion depicting to the payment of the executive managers, other than when their single payment is conversed. The Company Secretary takes stairss as secretary to the Committee. The Committee and Board think that it is in the security of stockholders to protect some of the betting and bet oning industry ‘s most superb and profitable individuals by given that to the full spirited wage. The Committee has judgement to believe corporate presentation on environmental, societal and administration ( ESG ) affairs when seting the wage of executive managers. The commission has warrant that ESG hazards are non being lifted by the motive agreement for senior direction accidentally interesting careless activities. ( http: //ar2008.ladbrokesplc.com/remuneration-report )Disclosure and blessingGreater revelation about the wage of single manager ‘s.The one-year study and histories should unwrap for each named manager the elements of wage, such as wages and fees, one-year and deferred fillips, compensation for the loss of office, portion options and any other long -term inducement strategy. An account and Justification should be provided whenever any component of the wage other than basic wage is pension able. A revelation should be made of nay manager with a notice period in surplus of 12 months in his her service, contract, together with an account of the grounds. The elaborate revelations on the manager ‘s wage should be checked any external hearers. The president of the wage commission should go to the one-year general meeting, where the stockholders should hold an chance for a inquiry sand reply session. The audit commission of Unilever includes a least of three or more non-executive managers ; two of them stand forA a quorum. The commission assists the boards in fulfilling their error undertakings in regard of the truthfulness of Unilever ‘s fiscal statements ; hazard direction and internal control activities ; conformance with legal and narrow petitions ; the public presentation, makings and independency of the outside hearers ; and the presentation of the internal audit intent. The commission is besides in a straight-line accountable, expose to local regulations refering stockholder indorsement, for the proposal, wages and failure to notice of the external hearers. The disclosure commission includes the Group Controller, the Chief Legal Officer, the Group Treasurer and the NV Corporate Legal Counsel. The rule of the commission is to help the boards make certain that fiscal and other information that have to be revealed openly by Unilever is revealed in a timely mode and that the information that is revealed is absolute and right. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unilever.com/investorrelations/corp_governance/ )The wage commission studyThere should be a study in the one-year study and histories on managers ‘ wage policy demoing how wage compares with other, similar companies. All fillip strategies should depend on satisfactory public presentation standards. Long term inducement strategies should be submitted o the stockholders for the blessing, in progress of presenting them. The Greenbury study did non give guidelines of make up one's minding what constitutes ‘satisfactory public presentation ‘ , and as a consequence this component of the recommendations has been interpreted widely. For illustration, there were no guidelines about inducements for longer term public presentation. The study should include a statement on the company ‘s policy for allowing portion options and other long term inducement strategies, together with a justification for any going from that policy in the policy under the reappraisal.Hampel Report ( Hampel Committee, 1998 )The commission was set up in 1995 to reexamine the advancement of the execution of the findings of the Cadbury and Greenbury Committees. The Hampel study proposed the consolidation of the Cadbury study, Greenbury study, and Hampel study into one amalgamate codification. The Hampel study described its undertaking as ‘reviewing the substance and execution of the Cadbury codification.2.2.3 The revised combined code – 2003The original Combined Code was proposed by Hampel and latter it was revised and brought update by Higgs in 2003. The key alterations made by Higgs are in the alterations of the composing of managers. He proposed the addition of non- executive managers and the assignment of a senior independent executive manager.Contentss of the revised codificationThe function and duties of the board, the president and the NED ‘s are more clearly defined. The functions of president and main executive should be separate- the president should fulfill the standards for independency on assignment, but should non, thenceforth, be considered independent when measuring the balance of board rank. The president is give clear duties, including the debut of new managers and guaranting the proper flow of information to board members. No person should be appointed to a 2nd chairmanship of a FTSE 100 company. At least half of the board larger companies, excepting the president, should be independent NED ‘s. The standard for independency are defined. The board, it commission and managers should be capable to one-year public presentation reappraisal. At least one member of the audit commission should hold recent and relevant fiscal experience. In softening of the line adopted the Higgs Report, it is now acknowledged that: The president nominations commission, anticipate where the commission is sing the assignment of the president ‘s replacement. Smaller companies ( below the FTSE 350 ) may happen it hard to run into the commissariats associating to board and commission composing hence, such companies should hold at least two independent NED ‘s ( instead than a bulk ) and may hold smaller wage and audit companies. Where the companies wish to retain a NED for more than six old ages, their farther assignment will non will non necessitate to be explained in the one-year study but such be capable to â€Å" peculiarly strict reappraisal † . The function of the senior NED should be clarified and the importance of the president ‘s function in pass oning with stockholders and supplying leading to the NED ‘s emphasized. The purpose of the FRC has been to heighten board effectivity and better investor assurance by raising criterions of corporate administration. Companies are encouraged to do an early study on the stairss, which they are taking to implement the new Code, instead than waiting until their coverage year-end. In visible radiation of these amendments of the Code, companies will necessitate to transport out a comprehensive reappraisal of their corporate administration policies and processs and see how best to react. Over the following few months these responses will, no uncertainty, be the topic of considerable investor, regulative and media involvement.2.2.4 The revised combined code – 2005In 2004, the Financial Responsible Council established the Turnbull Review Group that saw the issue of the ‘Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code ‘ . The chief accent of the Turnbull study was to fasten internal control ( Turnbull Report, 1999 ) .Significance of Internal Controls and hazard directionThe significance of internal controls has been sketched in Turnbull study as follows: A dependable technique of internal control adds to preservation the stockholders ‘ spending and the company ‘s resources. A company ‘s strategy of internal control as a important duty in direction of hazards that is of import to the executing of its concern aims. Internal control smoothes the advancement of the success and competency of operations ; aids guarantee the dependableness of internal and external exposure and helps fulfilment with Torahs and ordinances. Efficient pecuniary monitoring, every bit good as the saving of appropriate clerking records, is a important edifice block of internal control. They aid certify that the company is non without cause uncovered to preventable fiscal hazards and that fiscal informations employed inside the concern and for diary is consistent. They besides add to the saving of belongings, together with the turning away and find of cozenage. A company ‘s aims, its internal constitution and the background in which it maps are repeatedly developing and, as a consequence, the hazard it tackles is repeatedly changing. A sound system of interior influence accordingly depends on a methodical and usual appraisal of the nature and sum of the jeopardy, which the company is uncovered. Since net incomes are, in portion, the recompense for booming risk-taking in concern, the ground of internal control is to help administer and form hazard suited instead than to acquire rid of it. The hazard direction system in J Sainsbury plc has been prepared all over the twelvemonth and up to the day of the month of countenance of the Annual Report and Financial Statements. Acknowledging that hazard is an intrinsic fraction of making concern, the strategy is intended to acknowledge major menaces and do available declaration that these hazards are wholly recognized and handled. It is besides maintained by a hazard policy and regulations on how to be relevant the scheme, which are connected all the manner through the Company. The success of the process is reconsidered two times a twelvemonth by the Audit Committee, which so reports to the Board. The Functioning Board maintain up a hazard registry, which is often re-examined by the Committee and officially, conversed with the Board. The registry holds the important hazards facing the Company and recognizes the possible influence and chance of the hazard at both a gross ( pre mitigating controls ) and a net ( station mitigating controls ) phase. Where the net hazard needs extra behaviors, these are decided with exact timelines. These workss are narrowly checked until they are wholly applied. ( http: //www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ )Aim of the studyTo guarantee that concerns have sound internal controls embedded in the concern processes as the companies pursue their aims. To guarantee that the internal control remain relevant over clip in the continually germinating concern environment and to enable each company to use it in a mode which takes history of its peculiar fortunes. The guideline on internal controls requires the managers to exert judgement in reexamining how the company has implemented the demands of the Combined Code associating to internal control and coverage to stockholders.Internal control demands of the combined codificationThe rule C2 of the combined codification provinces that ‘ The board should keep a sound system of internal control to safeguard stockholders ‘ investing and the company ‘s assets. The proviso C2.1 states ‘That managers should, carry on a reappraisal of the effectivity of the group ‘s system of internal control and should describe to stockholders that they have done so. This reappraisal should cover all stuff controls, including fiscal, operational and conformity controls and hazard direction systems. Turnbull Report, ( 2004 ) . The Board of Marks and Spencer have on the whole duty for administering the concern expeditiously – confirms hazards are directed and it ‘s all under review. Internal controls and hazard direction are intended to boundary the possibility of dislocation to achieve corporate aims. Autonomous declaration is offered by the outside hearers and internal audit, who manus over their decision often to the Audit Committee. They have taken on an integrated method to put on the line direction, autonomous averment and internal controls to attest better connexion across re-examine and assessment of hazard. They are a broad concern with a wide assortment of aims and hazards. The Board is accountable for doing certain that all goes harmonizing to agreement and that describing lines and individual answerabilities are obviously mute. They besides have runing schemes and events covering the whole thing from fiscal planning and coverage, capital outgo, undertaking administration and informa tion security to concern stableness, worker public presentation direction and how they do concern. ( http: //annualreport.marksandspencer.com/governance/governance-report )2.2.5 The revised combined code – 2006This codification supersedes and replaces the Combined Code issued in 2003. It follows a reappraisal by the Financial Reporting Council of the execution of the Code 2005 and subsequent audience on possible amendments to the Code. The Financial Services Authority, as the UK Listing Authority, is obliged by legislative act to transport out a separate audience before listed companies can be officially required under the Listing Rules to unwrap how they have applied this new version of the Combined Code. This audience is expected to get down September 2006 and, capable to positions received, the Listing Rules would be expected to use to the new version of the Combined Code with consequence from some clip in the 2nd one-fourth of 2007. In the interim, in position of the limited nature of the alterations and strong support that they have received, the FRC would promote companies and investors to use the revised Code voluntarily for describing old ages get downing on or after 1 November 2006. The Code holds cardinal and subsequent doctrine and status. The Listing Rule needs listed companies to make a disclosure statement in two parts in relation to the Code. In the primary portion of the declaration, the company has to account on how it be relevant the chief beliefs in the Code. This should cover both chief and back uping values. The signifier and substance of this division of the statement are non set, the significance being that companies should hold a free manus to depict their authorization regulations in the visible radiation of the political orientation, every bit good as any peculiar state of affairs be relevant to so which have guided to a specific method. This â€Å" comply or explain † method has been in operation for over 10 old ages and the lissomeness it proposes has been extensively welcomed both by company boards and by stockholders. It is for investors and others to measure the company ‘s statements.The statement of conformityA company that ha s non complied with the commissariats of the combined codification in full throughout the period must stipulate the Code commissariats, with which it has non complied, for what portion of the period non-compliance continued and give grounds for non-compliance. This is a demand of the Listing Rules of the Stock Exchange. Ignoring the commissariats of the codification is non an option, but the company has good substantial grounds for diverting the commissariats, it is up to the stockholders to make up one's mind whether the ground given by the company is valid or non. If the managers an explain converting the stockholders that the going from the codification commissariats is in the best involvement of the company, the non-compliance is improbable to be an issue.Criticisms of combined codificationThe Higgs and Smith studies were widely welcomed by different boards like the Financial Reporting Council ( FRC ) on the revised combined codification, but besides identified some strong unfav orable judgments were simply on the functions and responsibilities of the president and the period of term of office for managers. The board suggested that the combined codification needed to set more attempt into doing the system work, there would be occasions when a company would take to utilize the â€Å" explain † option, and institutional investors should see such accounts carefully, giving grounds if they did non accept the account.

The Considerations of Pricing Strategies in Multiple Industries Essay

The Considerations of Pricing Strategies in Multiple Industries - Essay Example Burrows (2009) describes the dilemmas at Microsoft company when deciding pricing policy on its many different technology and consumer-oriented products. Microsoft maintains tremendous buying power in its technology market but is facing pricing issues in the midst of a global economic slowdown and rising competition in this market. Microsoft is now wondering, in order to keep sales volumes up and profit at expected levels, whether the business should consider lowering the prices on a wide variety of Microsoft branded products. Says CEO Steve Ballmer of Microsoft, â€Å"we’re focusing on gaining share in (new markets) that are most critical† (Burrows, p.51). Apparently, Microsoft has considerable problems in some markets, such as in Asia, with large volumes of pirating occurring in its computer-related technology marketplaces. Piracy, when customers are able to get their hands on Microsoft products without a proper license, erodes sales success at the company. Therefore, Microsoft considers that in these markets where piracy runs high, they can lower the price of the technology software to make the product less appealing from illegal markets and will bring buyers into the store instead to make a purchase. Even though there is no research evidence which shows that Microsoft has determined a price policy that fits with the company’s leadership expectations, clearly a consideration of pricing is the ability to avoid piracy and also to make products seem more attractive to buyers with fewer resources in order to boost higher sales volumes. Cooper (2009) describes how the regulatory environment impacts pricing, by describing data from the Digital Britain Report.  

Technology and Management Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology and Management Functions - Essay Example It has boosted productivity by enabling employees to access the tools they need to carry out their functions from nearly any location; and to learn about developments with the company's products and services tight from their desktops. Technology has transformed administrative tasks for which employees used to rely on others into routine self service operations that take only a fraction of the time. It has also facilitated a convergence and coordination of business data systems from disparate areas that has given rise to new possibilities for customer facing services. Finally, it has freed employees from the tether of an office and enabled them to access virtually all of their productivity tools from anywhere they happen to be. On the other hand, the company's conversion of its business systems from PeopleSoft to SAP has not gone smoothly. SAP implementation has been plagued with difficulties that have resulted in tremendous frustration both internally and externally. This adoption of new technology, which was designed to improve business over the long run, has - in the short run -made it difficult to facilitate many types of customer transactions. This situation illustrates that technology has the potential to put up obstacles as well as knock them down. Product Development The first area in which technology has improved business at Lexis Publishing is product development. Technology has transformed the essence of the company's product offering from print to online media. Online delivery has enabled users of the information to more quickly and precisely access what they need. It also opens up countless possibilities for product development, through searching and user interface enhancements. In fact, the company has a new release of its online search engine every month that features numerous usability and content improvements and enhancements. Productivity Employee productivity is one of the most important concerns when it comes to business improvement. Technology has enabled companies to grow productivity tremendously by equipping employees with portable office capabilities and self service administrative functioning. This has improved employee relations by striking a balance between squeezing more productivity out of employees and allowing them greater mobility and freedom than they previously had. As David Parlby, workforce solutions lead partner at KPMG asserts, there are two key ways technology has been leveraged by management to facilitate improved relations via employers and employees. "First, connectivity - allowing employees to gain access to corporate data and to connect with their colleagues, customers, suppliers and partners wherever they are. And secondly through well- designed applications, allowing employees to carry out administrative tasks and business processes themselves, without the intervention of administrative st aff" (Wylie, 2002, para. 6). At Lexis Publishing, this has been accomplished by equipping all employees with wireless-ready laptop computers and Blackberries, setting up intranet tools that make reporting easier and quicker, and electronically disseminating career and professional development information and job postings. Webex meetings and eLearning tools have become commonplace. Today, employees increasingly have the freedom to work from

Case study about ( investigation for individual learning Essay

Case study about ( investigation for individual learning style,strategies, motivation and needs) - Essay Example She has some good knowledge in Japanese language as well, which she studied for one and half years before abandoning the course. Therefore, in total, she knows three languages that are Thai (Native Language), English (Second Language) and Japanese (Second Language). English language is the second language she is currently learning. In the background questionnaire, she informed that she began her first experiences in learning English in primary school where it was incorporated in the Thailand educational curriculum. Chutimon’s learning of English can be divided into three distinct phases that are based on her varying needs and the environment where the learning occurs at each instance. Chutimon is an instrumental English learner and her dream is to work internationally in matters concerning business. She considers learning English as crucial in enabling her to deliver well in her future career where she expects to interact with people belonging to different nationalities. English is part of the Thai educational curriculum and is incorporated in school programs, so the first learning phase of Chutimon started at primary level, which was quite preliminary. Later on, she joined Kaplan International College in the UK where she got enrolled for a five-month course in English. This formed the second phase of her learning process. While at Kaplan International College, her passion for learning English was still driven by the need to improve her proficiency and she was to learn English language in an interactive environment by corresponding with the native English speakers and other international students. Kaplan provided her with good learning environment. After completing that five months English learning course, she reached the last phase of her learning when she got 5.5 in IELTS exam and passed the pre-sessional course, then enrolled for a master’s degree in International Business in Manchester Metropolitan University. During the interview

Logics and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Logics and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Most of its large and well established centers are located in the UK, Germany and Italy among other large developed nations (Frazelle, 2001, p. 54). The company has a large and able management team that has is motivated by the desire to propel the firm to great profit margins. For example, a Manager who is answerable and reports to overall regional managers head each of its magnificent plants (Great Britain, 2011, p. 37). In an effort to ensure excellence and efficiency in Euro Cast’s supply chain, the management of the company has managed to place a lot of emphasis on the improvement of the distribution networks within the company. The company has established a number of bureaucratic procedures aimed at enhancing efficiency in its supply chain networks (Jonsson, 2008, p. 145). To start with, the top management is concerned with the company’s supply department and has to report directly to the CEO (Ketz & Schwartz, 2006, p. 145). Other professionals lower in the supply ladder are supposed to respond to other superior executives within the firm. The entire supply team and the organization as a whole are committed to expanding the company’s operations (Long, 2004, p. 123). ... 356). Another supply strategy was the sales and operations planning strategy. The strategy has been lengthy but effective in the long run to those companies that have had their hands on it. A beverage company that had tried on the strategy advised that the company intending to adopt the strategy required implementing organizational and cultural changes first (Christopher, 2005, p. 100). Demand creating and product shaping strategy is the other strategy that characterizes the supply chain (Jonsson, 2008, p. 45). The chain is complex in the numerous ways and all are in place to ensure that the desired performance attained (Asumang & Astill, 2002, p. 67). Euro Cast has other complicated ways of increasing the chain’s efficiency (Moreno, Pichler & Quesada-Arencibia, 2012, p. 145). For instance, the company has outsourced its supply chains in order to increase its relations. Third party relations in the supply chain are encouraged give as they insights into new ideas (Bowersox, Coo per & Closs, 2007, p. 356). Euro Cast’s chain of supply is effective also due to delegated roles and duties. Breakdown duties and responsibilities ensure that each worker is allocated responsibilities according to capabilities. All this measures form a complex but effective and productive system (Great Britain, 2011, p. 104).Supply chains at Euro Cast are better defined as by the smooth flow of information and currency exchange. The supply chain managing has achieved milestones for it to achieve its present status (Mothobi, 2002, p. 99). Integration of technology in the supply chain management at Euro Cast In the modern world, internet has played a great role in changing people’s life and

Economic Exam 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Exam 2 - Essay Example For example, he proposed a theory in regard to labor and value (Schumpeter 21). Schumpeter came up with a theory based on Marx capitalism principles in which he stated that economies can evolve, create new structures and destroy old structures. In his view governments posed the greatest risk when it comes to economy destruction (Schumpeter 59). He was right because, most government evolved from communist or monarchies to democratic governments but still go to war with each other. Keynes’ theory on macroeconomics also known as Keynesian economics focuses on the total expenditure in an economy and the effect the expenditure has on inflation and an economy’s output (Kennedy 196). In Keynesian economics, decisions made by both public and private institutions affect the output of an economy. Classical theory of economics has it basis centered on the concept of free-market economies. The main difference between the two economic theories is the influence of government on an economy. The Keynesian economic theory is reliant on the expenditure and policies of governments but the classical economic theory makes the assumption that there is a free-market (Kennedy 199). Another difference between the two theories is that Keynesian economics theory works on providing short-term results for an economy while classical economic theory focuses on providing long-term solutions for economic problems. Q.4. Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon capitalism and how does it differ from European and Asian capitalism? Which is the better example of Anglo-Saxon capitalism, the U.S. economy or the British economy? The main characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon capitalism model is that it operates based on common law with a judicial system which contemplates minimal government interference in the economy (Pryor 107). The difference between the Anglo-Saxon capitalism model and the

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Biology - Essay Example Before choosing whether to save seeds the farmer is expected to determine whether the seed is crossable with other seeds, in order to come up with new plants, that have an increased productivity, and their products are more refined. E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) in his presentation notes that the little organisms compose the foundation of the earth’s ecosystem. But, in addition, he states that the various organisms in the ecosystem relate closely to each other to come up with a stable and balanced ecosystem. Notably, the ecosystem would not exist if only one type of organisms existed. According to E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) , most of the organisms have not been discovered, though presently the scientists are making numerous attempts to find them. He reiterates that smaller organisms are the most important creatures, since they drive the ecosystem. The nematode worms are an example of these organisms. Their increased numbers enable them to effectively influence significant aspects of the en vironment. According to the research, E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) acknowledges that there are more than 5 million species in one ton of soil. He states categorically that scientists are not sure of the role that various organisms play, though they are convinced that they influence the form of the environment in a positive way. There are various organisms found such as algae and disease causing organisms. Some of the disease causing organisms include the bacteria, while some of them are harmful, the others are important to man. According to E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) there are more than 500 organisms that are found in the man’s bucal cavity. He also states that if a closer analysis is made, then someone might notice some microorganisms have their origin far from the earth, basically these organisms are aliens. E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) states that most organisms are very susceptible to various harsh conditions in the biosphere. Though human beings have made attempts to eliminate the organism s due to their harmful nature, they have not been successful. The various harmful practices that man engages in, and that threaten the survival of the organisms include: the habitat destruction such as the climate change, invasive species such as pathogenic bacteria, pollution, human population expansion, and overharvesting which leads to the extinction of certain organisms. E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) mentions that if such practices are not stopped, a half of the organisms will be eliminated within the next century. Some of the limitations that can be felt if some of the organisms are eliminated include the loss of important scientific research materials, a lack of environmental stability, and also the disappearance of some pharmaceutical products, thus, affecting wealth, security and the health in general. E. O. Wilson (n.pag.) acknowledges that the earth is on the edge of losing important scientific information and may lose various organisms even before discovering them. According to t he USA research statistics only 15% of the total organisms on the earth have been discovered. Hence, he proposes that human beings ought to preserve the environment and, at the same time, access the encyclopedia of life, which basically contains various organisms found on earth. It advocates that human beings should search for a new life, understand it, and help to preserve it. Vandana Shiva is an anti-GMO activist who advocates

Assignment Mulally Essay Example for Free

Assignment Mulally Essay Assignment # 3 ‘’ Alan Mulally, CEO, Ford Motor company â€Å" Leadership and organizational behavior- BUS 520 Abstract Leadership is guiding people towards productive results to achieve the goals of the organization. An effective leader has the ability to motivate and influence others. The following sources of power represent the engine of influence that they use effectively and ethically to achieve their goals, however, true leaders are supposed to make the employees work hard by giving their efforts and making sure that the goals and the mission of the organization are achieved. To be effective every leader should have the following competencies: Vision, Integrity, Honesty and Values Releasing Potential and Energy. The content of this paper is to outline the roles of leadership and how it affects organizational performance. It then discusses the role of Allan Mulally’s, CEO of Ford Motor Company, and leadership style. The paper also presents how mulally decision to set a goal has increased the company’s performance and mentioning how Allan Mulally’s openness has gained him trust and helped him to reach his goal. Alan Mulally moved to Ford in 2006. He had worked at Boeing since 1969. He had been chief engineer for development of the 777, and was later Vice President of Engineering for commercial aircraft. Mulally had no sales experience, and he wasnt a Detroit car man, â€Å"Much less a car man at all. He sold his Lexus after moving to Dearborn. Whats most impressive is Mulallys results oriented leadership style. His management is crisp and authoritative, although he defers to the firms design experts on the minutiae of the product lines. But on the big questions of the companys past mistakes and where its headed, Mulalley made key decisions that placed Ford in good stead. When mulally testified before Congress in December 2008, along with GMs Rick Wagoner and Chryslers Robert Nardelli, he announced that Ford would be able to survive the recession without a bailout. In 2006, Alan Mulally became the CEO of Ford. At the time, the company was relying heavily on their truck revenue and had several other lines that were not properly supported to earn the best revenue. Some of Mulally’s first decisions were to sell off some of their sub brands, namely Jaguar and Land Rover, and focus more on the small car lines that are becoming more popular with consumers. With a focus on the small cars, this would allow for the company to benefit from economies of scale and increase the profits from selling those cars. He also took out a $23 billion loan to help avoid needing the bailouts that would come 2 years later. Mulally threw away the politics involved in the vice president structure, forcing the weekly leadership meeting to be more about the success of the company than the squabbles of those leading it. He insisted that the vice presidents actually admit to their problems so they can be handled; having operations be labeled either green for going well, yellow for caution, and red for problems. The vice presidents were apprehensive of this at first, afraid to admit their problems and failures, but Mulally made it apparent he wanted to know these issues to resolve them, instead of to sweep them under the rug or assign blame. Finally, Mulally put forth a new mind set for the company; One Ford, involving a One Team, One Plan, One Goal setup. One Team focused on uniting the individual group in Ford into one cohesive team, each member helping out other members, no matter what project they are on or division they are in. One Plan was about restructuring to operate profitably, accelerate development to get new products that customers would want to buy out sooner, finance the plan, and work together as a team. Finally, One Goal was all about developing an exciting viable Ford with profitable growth. Mulally have a more hands on approach to leadership. He wants to know exactly where the company is and how they were going to get someplace better. This is shown with his color coded operations technique with the vice president meetings. His answers to problems weren’t just to shrug them off and go back to the status but rather how to proceed from where those problems brought them. Alan Mulally demonstrated organizational innovation; he used different methods of production and administration. Conveying his ideas and leadership, mulally exhibited his innovation that comprised the ideas from outside Ford in conjunction with those ideas from within Ford Motor Company. The message he portrays involves  planning initiation, execution, selection, and implementation of the objectives to achieve the goals set forth by his administration The success of an innovation is connected to a market forecast of customer needs and wants as well as effective management of the innovation  process. Concentrating on a fewer products to produce with a lot of improvement and service innovation involving the introduction of a new service that meet the customers’ expectations. He has high regard for executive management and maintains open communication. Mulally has an agenda to serve and satisfy not only customers, but employees as well, increase market share, increase profits, and communication is at the top. Alan Mulally has a proven effective leadership style. He is persistent with innovative  processes that address issues within the organization to ensure successful development. His management responsibilities include reducing the risk; managing the customer interface; training and managing staff performance; and engaging Ford’s executive team. Highlighting how successful his tactic can be Mulally has insured his reputation as one of industry’s great leaders; it is well worth paying attention to what he says and learn from his leadership skills. Any successful leader has to know the plan, and areas that need special attention. There are challenging times to be a leader whether it is a cultural crisis, financial crisis, or environmental crisis, but, if one can learn from the experience of a leader such as Alan Mulally, an organization will do just fine and be one of the respected models to follow and learn from.

The Present Work of Christ in Hebrews Essay Example for Free

The Present Work of Christ in Hebrews Essay David McLeod has written this journal article in large part in response to a number of writers who have charged that the present work of Christ has largely â€Å"been neglected† [1] by systematic theologians of the church today. In McLeod’s estimation such neglect would not be understood by the New Testament authors, as Christ’s present work was one of their most important themes in the New Testament. McLeod states that, â€Å"The purpose of this article is to examine the work of one of those authors, the epistle to the Hebrews, and to outline its contribution to the subject. †[2] McLeod gives three reasons for his study. First, no theme that was central to apostolic Christianity can be overlooked, second, added attention needs to be directed to earlier studies in Hebrews and finally, McLeod’s hope is that material covered in this article will aid those who teach and study the Bible to be more fully informed about the subject of the work of Christ in the Epistle to the Hebrews. Commencement of Christ’s Present Ministry With the purpose of this article being to examine the work of the New Testament author of Hebrews intent, and outline said New Testament’s author’s work regarding the work of Christ, McLeod does so two fold. First, McLeod addresses the Commencement of Christ’s Present Ministry, and secondly the Activities of His Present Ministry. The commencement of Christ’s present ministry begins with His ascension which â€Å"is one of a series of events that marked the beginning of Christs present ministry. †[3] With His ascension Christ entered into the sanctuary where He took up His place of honor in the holy of holies. This place of honor was at the right hand of the father, where Christ was exalted and rested from His completed work. It was at this point that Christ was installed as High Priest and given His present ministry. McLeod writes that, â€Å"The Son of God has obtained a more excellent ministry than that of the Levitical priests who served the earthly tabernacle (8:5-6). †[4] †The perfect tense suggests not only that Jesus obtained this ministry in the past but also that He still possesses it†. [5] Once Christ obtained His ministry, the text in Hebrews suggests that this ministry is still in Christ’s possession and that it continues. Activities of Christ’s Present Ministry The activities of Christ’s present ministry are six fold. As the High Priest of mankind, one of Christ’s present ministries is to stand before God and represent those who have accepted His sacrifice. Representation can be thought of in McLeod’s opinion as Christ being in the immediate presence of God†,[6] representing â€Å"sinners on the basis of a finished sacrifice whereby they have acceptance with God and are favorably regarded by Him. [7] Inauguration, the second of Christ’s activities is to provide a new and living way to commune with God that never grows obsolete. Intercession, is defined by McLeod as, â€Å" the sympathetic appeals and petitions of the ascended, incarnate Son of God to God the Father (on the basis of a finished sacrifice) for the preservation, forgiveness, renovation, and bringing to glory of His people. †[8] Mediation is the activity where Christ mediated His followers p rayers and praise as well, being the medium for the power of God to be released upon His people. Anticipation as defined by McLeod represents â€Å"that quiescent activity of Christ whereby He awaits His return (1:6; 9:28; 10:37), the defeat of His enemies (1:13; 10:13), and His rule as King (1:8-9) over the world to come (2:5). †[9] Benediction is the final of the six activities outlined by McLeod. McLeod denotes that Benediction is â€Å"Christs work of benediction in Hebrews, His future return to His people from His heavenly sanctuary and the fulfillment of the promise†[10] Critical Evaluation McLeod’s argument is centered on the claim that today’s church and systematic theologian’s attention to the present work of Christ has largely â€Å"been neglected†. [11]McLeod’s aim is to examine the book of Hebrews and by doing so reiterate the importance that no theme of the apostolic writings should be neglected; he also wishes to draw further attention to the book of Hebrews and its estimation of the present work of Christ. McLeod’s division in this article outlines the commencement of Christ’s Present Ministry, and secondly the Activities of His Present Ministry. McLeod makes a sound argument for the commencement of Christ’s present ministry. Touching on the end of His earthly ministry, with His ascension, and His installment as High Priest in the holy of holies. McLeod’s evaluation of Christ’s present ministry is just as compelling and does well in addressing the many scholarly views pertaining to the present ministry of Christ. McLeod states that, â€Å"The author of Hebrews wrote of a number of activities presently being performed by Christ as High Priest. Scholars differ over the number of distinct activities and their nature. †[12] In regard to intercession McLeod brings the reader through many views that are held in regard to the present ministry of Christ and seems to amplify that this present ministry of Christ is of the utmost importance to grasp and understand. Conclusion Overall, McLeod has successfully accomplished of his goal of bringing added attention to the present work of Christ and outline the timeline of when His present ministry began. His arguments are sound and thorough, leaving little to question. While reading this article the reader will be brought methodically and precisely through the work of Christ’s present ministry, and in so doing accomplish the goal of the author to provide material that will aid and instruct Bible students who teach and write on Christology.

Personal Reflection on Learning and Development

Personal Reflection on Learning and Development Within this assignment I will demonstrate the knowledge gained in my practice since starting my post qualifying degree and consider my future learning and development. This training has been about gaining or updating knowledge, but I have also gained further insight into how I work as a practising social worker, I would agree to Gillian Ruchs (lecture notes, February 2008) comments about taking care of yourself quoting Simmonds, le Riche and Tanner that: Knowledge of others cannot be acquired without knowledge of oneself. Knowledge of others cannot be substituted for knowledge of oneself. Knowledge of oneself cannot be acquired without a relationship with others. (Simmonds, in le Riche and Tanner 1998:96) Focus on the Child Assignment on Observation of child in Nursery or play group: For this unit I had to observe a child between the ages of 0-5 years. I had mixed emotions and anxieties. The anxiety was about visiting a place I had very little knowledge of, what would I be observing? What would the young person I was observing be like? Was I competent enough? This helped me to reflect on my own anxieties when visiting children in need in their homes. It has been an important learning experience to understand the impact of my presence that might have on children and their families. The challenge was to observe a child without any specific reasons or concerns with regards to that child. Therefore observing a child without any professional skills of communicating and engaging children, raised the question: How can a professional give up the sense of being in control and become a student again, lay down ones tools and simply be open to what is happening? (Segal 2002-3, p16). Reflecting on this activity I realised the danger in my actual practice. All of us have our own preconceptions, our particular mind sets and prejudices. We have a tendency to see what we are looking for and to look for only what we want to know about. Rarely do we take time to stop and watch intently. These observations sessions offered me with the opportunity to develop ability to remain detached, to suspend judgements and refrain from participation. Assignment on ADHD: I was able to consider current research and ways of supporting children with ADHD and their families. Throughout my research for this assignment I found little evidence that socioeconomic and environmental factors caused ADHD, I also found little evidence that poor parenting or a hectic home life caused ADHD. There are different approaches to treatment of ADHD such as Medical approach and Behavioural modification approach. To date it is unknown what actually causes this condition, which is arguable and so makes it much more difficult in treating ADHD. In addition to this some of the researches suggest that the medications for ADHD can cause potentially harmful side effects and does not treat the cause of Attention Deficit Disorder. I am aware that most doctors would argue that the medication used is safe and beneficial. However in my opinion it is important to recognise that ADHD is a disorder that is managed and not cured. Therefore it is essential for all agencies to work together: medically, socially and educationally, with a common understanding of the whole approach for treatmen t. Behaviour management techniques take time and great patience on everybodys part. But the techniques have been shown to be very effective. In my experience the importance is given to curative rather than preventive measures. I am of the opinion that children with ADHD should get a package of treatments involving the medicines which are closely monitored by doctors and parental involvement with other agencies support for them to manage the childrens behaviour with setting appropriate boundaries. Practice in Partnership with Children, Young People, Their Families and Carers This piece of work highlighted the importance of working in partnership with professionals as well as families to get the best possible outcome for the children. For this particular assignment I tried to reflect on my own understanding about working in partnerships whilst working with the family. Family Rights Group suggests a definition of partnership, Partnership is for each other, rights to information, accountability, competence and values accorded to each individual input. In short, each partner is seen as having something to contribute, power is shared, decisions are made jointly and roles are not only represented but backed by legal and moral rights. (Family Rights Group, 1991). Childrens safety and welfare should be paramount. A learning curve for me was the understanding of importance of self awareness and how this helps to promote the service users best interests (Ruch 2005). It was crucial to consider theories of attachment, child centred services and task centred approach, whilst working with the family to achieve best outcome for the family. It is important to be mindful to practice in an anti oppressive and anti discriminatory way at all times. It was enriching experience to recognise the importance of doing assessment with the families and not on the families a ddressing power imbalance between professionals and service users. Participation, partnerships and networks Research Report This unit gave me opportunity to study thoroughly on one specific subject. As a practitioner working in a very busy front line team it is always hard to go back to become student to learn and unlearn. I was always interested in gaining in depth knowledge in the area of unaccompanied asylum seekers. This study answers the question, Can Collaborative Practices be developed to enhance the services for Looked after Children with specific reference to Unaccompanied Asylum Seeker Children [UASC]. Collaborative working is often used to refer to the process of working together with other professions (Quinney 2006: 10; Balloch and Taylor 2001) with Whittington (2003) defining it as partnership in action (Whittington 2003:16). This area was chosen due to the authors experience of working in a front line team where such examples of working collaboratively with professionals when dealing with UASC are prevalent, and strategies for improved collaboration are always needed. Home office reports that there are approximately 360 children are trafficked into and within the UK each year. Therefore it is therefore necessary when considering what strategies need to be developed to address these shortcomings and to build on pieces of practice that supports all the professionals including fosters carers and social workers to ensure the children are protected. The study also raises flaws in training to both carers and social workers with regards to current legislation and policies to be practiced. Lack of understanding of such important information may result in ineffective responses to identify the risk factors and react efficiently towards it. This study gave me opportunity to acquire conceptual understanding and recommendations for my future interventions with such vulnerable group of children. Innovative Regulatory Practice Group Presentation This particular unit turned out really very hard due to many reasons. The members of my group were from same place and I was not in the same area. Initially there were difficulties of distance and co ordination and I started feeling left out. However with confrontation and with the help from tutors we managed to come up with a good plan of actions and the presentation was prepared as a group activity. I was able to reflect on my style, creativity and interpersonal skills and used them all to be creative in the presentation. I enjoyed researching a topic that I needed further knowledge of: the subject of Trafficked children, which has proved very useful in my work for me and colleagues. On reflection it has shown me how research and knowledge can be effectively used and strategies can employed in working with people to change things together and develop new ways of working which improve practice, knowledge and skills. This very much linked with my Research topic and gained further kno wledge in subject matter. Enabling Others Taking a role as work based supervisor for a final year student for their 6 months Placement in the team This unit enabled me to reflect on my own practices and support a student in placement. I am aware that people work and learn differently and have different needs. I have learnt the importance of balancing and developing my own theorist and reflector styles of learning which has been facilitated by my post graduate training. It has been valuable to understand my own position to be able to recognise and consider other peoples perspectives in my styles of learning. This analysis enabled me to use different approaches and strategies to help students and others to learn and develop. I am more confident to enable others in the work place. I am able to use the theoretical knowledge gained from the course and practical experiences to enable my student to acquire the same. Aims for the Future As social workers we are tasked with making judgments and decisions about individuals lives on a daily basis it is therefore essential that analysis and reflection take place to ensure that those decisions are the right ones. To do this job effectively requires self-knowledge, support and professional competence at the very least. The nature of the training, ongoing supervision and consultation that are required is something that needs urgent attention at many levels (Rustin 2005, p19 in Ruch, 2008). The knowledge gained in completing my post qualifying degree will enable me to incorporate critical reflection into my everyday work practice with service users, student social workers and other professionals across agencies. As usual, social workers are seen to be the reasons why children die when incidents happen. There is a great responsibility on everyone to try to change our culture of blame and help develop personal responsibility and sense of community. Having a more thorough knowledge of the process of change, everyone is different and has different views, enables me to work in such an environment. The course has provided an opportunity to be challenged, learn new things and make sure that I continue to do so.

Solar Energy Essay -- Essays Papers

Solar Energy Since the beginning of humanity, people have relied on the sun for their daily needs. Whether it is to grow the crops that they eat, dry clothes or warm their family, people have relied on the resource of the sun for sustainability. It was not until people started to get the idea of managing this energy source, that people were able to fully take advantage of the sun. In 1767, a Swiss scientist discovered a practical way to harness the energy of the sun. Horace de Saussure invented the â€Å"solar hot box,† the first devise to attract and capture the energy capabilities of the sun. The main uses of this primitive solar box consisted of cooking food, distilling water and pumping water for irrigation. It was not until the 1880’s that America caught on to this new source of energy. Introduced by John Ericcson, this engineer created solar power engines, used for power steam generators onboard ships. The most famous person credited with exposing solar capabilities to the west, however, was Clarence Kemp, the first man to patent solar water heaters in 1897. His invention caught on so well, that within seven years, thirty-percent of houses in California were using his invention. This was just the beginning of solar energy’s popularity within the US. In 1908, Carnegie Steel Company’s William J. Bailey produced the solar panels we are most familiar with today. The popularity of the solar power boom peaked around the end of World War I, when â€Å"more than 4,000 rooftop solar water heaters had been sold, and more than 60,000 were in place† (EIA). Shortly after this, scientists discovered the possibilities of solar energy in space. Even to date, many satellites and space projects take advantage of this renewable... ...olar energy has undergone many stages throughout its existence, especially within the United States. At the beginning of its discovery, carried out through its peak in popularity around the 40’s and 50’s, solar energy enjoyed its time in the spot light. Due to limits on where solar plants can be built, inefficiency, unreliability and high prices, the use of this fairly environmentally friendly, renewable energy source has dwindled. While some hope for advances in the methods of collecting solar energy, currently it does not have the ability to meet our world’s ever-growing consumption of energy. Works Cited - â€Å"Current Uses and Future Prospects.† . - Energy Information Administration (EIA). The U.S. Government.. - â€Å"Solar Power.† Energy Matters. .

The Progressive Movement Essay -- Progressives American Political Poli

The Progressive Movement (ca. 1890s-1910s) Even more energetic a sphere of historical controversy than that over the Populists is the historians' argument over the Progressive movement. The Progressives were a heterogeneous collection of reformers. Active chiefly in the nation's cities and the urban mass media (and in the legislatures of such states as Wisconsin and New York), the Progressives carried out efforts to reform American society and governance on all fronts. They numbered among their ranks social Progressives (such as Jane Addams, the founder of the Hull House settlement movement), economic Progressives (such as Richard Ely, the noted Wisconsin economist who emphasized the need to prevent great concentrations of economic power), legal Progressives (such as Louis D. Brandeis, the noted Massachusetts attorney and U.S. Supreme Court Justice, and his protege, Harvard Law School professor Felix Frankfurter), cultural Progressives (including novelists such as Frank Norris and Upton Sinclair and such muckraking journalist s as Ida M. Tarbel l), and of course the great Progressive politicians, themselves making up a remarkable spectrum of Progressive variations. Occupying the poles of the Progressive political spectrum were Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, each of whom developed his own brand of political Progressive theory and policy. Roosevelt's New Nationalism emphasized giving a vigorous national government the power to regulate and mediate among large, clashing economic and social actors. "Mere bigness" was no sin if these powerful institutions and organizations could be brought into a stable, cooperatige relationship with one another through the medium of government. Wilson's New Freedom emphasized using government power to knock the large economic and social forces down to size and keeping government, business, labor, and society at a human scale. Rather than concentrating on using the federal government to solve national problems, Wilsonian Progressives believed in using state and local governments as laboratories of reform. Recognizing the diversity of the American nation, they argued for the need to tailor government responses to problems to the specific political, social, and economic contexts in which they would have to operate. What held these heterogeneous and quarrelsome Progressives together as a movement was the... ... become moral, sober, and industrious by adopting and enforcing the Prohibition Amendment and legislation (the notorious Volstead Act) putting it into effect. The historians' debate on Progressivism divides between "backward-looking" and "forward-looking" interpreters. Richard Hofstadter, the founder and still the leading exponent of the "backward-looking" school, saw Progressives as middle-class Americans, small businessmen and tradesman and professionals, who yearned to restore the idealized America of their youth. Of course, Hofstadter noted in passing, this idealized America never existed, confronting the Progressives with a paradox rich in irony and poignancy. In trying to revive something that was, at best, an inspiring myth, they actually helped to transform the nature of American society, economy, and politics. By contrast, the "forward-looking" school, whose first great advocate was Robert H. Wiebe, maintained that the Progressives confronted head-on the challenges of the emerging "modern" American economy and society. Wiebe's Progressives emphasized efficiency, predictability, and rationality in propounding their public policy an d their critiques of society's ills. The Progressive Movement Essay -- Progressives American Political Poli The Progressive Movement (ca. 1890s-1910s) Even more energetic a sphere of historical controversy than that over the Populists is the historians' argument over the Progressive movement. The Progressives were a heterogeneous collection of reformers. Active chiefly in the nation's cities and the urban mass media (and in the legislatures of such states as Wisconsin and New York), the Progressives carried out efforts to reform American society and governance on all fronts. They numbered among their ranks social Progressives (such as Jane Addams, the founder of the Hull House settlement movement), economic Progressives (such as Richard Ely, the noted Wisconsin economist who emphasized the need to prevent great concentrations of economic power), legal Progressives (such as Louis D. Brandeis, the noted Massachusetts attorney and U.S. Supreme Court Justice, and his protege, Harvard Law School professor Felix Frankfurter), cultural Progressives (including novelists such as Frank Norris and Upton Sinclair and such muckraking journalist s as Ida M. Tarbel l), and of course the great Progressive politicians, themselves making up a remarkable spectrum of Progressive variations. Occupying the poles of the Progressive political spectrum were Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, each of whom developed his own brand of political Progressive theory and policy. Roosevelt's New Nationalism emphasized giving a vigorous national government the power to regulate and mediate among large, clashing economic and social actors. "Mere bigness" was no sin if these powerful institutions and organizations could be brought into a stable, cooperatige relationship with one another through the medium of government. Wilson's New Freedom emphasized using government power to knock the large economic and social forces down to size and keeping government, business, labor, and society at a human scale. Rather than concentrating on using the federal government to solve national problems, Wilsonian Progressives believed in using state and local governments as laboratories of reform. Recognizing the diversity of the American nation, they argued for the need to tailor government responses to problems to the specific political, social, and economic contexts in which they would have to operate. What held these heterogeneous and quarrelsome Progressives together as a movement was the... ... become moral, sober, and industrious by adopting and enforcing the Prohibition Amendment and legislation (the notorious Volstead Act) putting it into effect. The historians' debate on Progressivism divides between "backward-looking" and "forward-looking" interpreters. Richard Hofstadter, the founder and still the leading exponent of the "backward-looking" school, saw Progressives as middle-class Americans, small businessmen and tradesman and professionals, who yearned to restore the idealized America of their youth. Of course, Hofstadter noted in passing, this idealized America never existed, confronting the Progressives with a paradox rich in irony and poignancy. In trying to revive something that was, at best, an inspiring myth, they actually helped to transform the nature of American society, economy, and politics. By contrast, the "forward-looking" school, whose first great advocate was Robert H. Wiebe, maintained that the Progressives confronted head-on the challenges of the emerging "modern" American economy and society. Wiebe's Progressives emphasized efficiency, predictability, and rationality in propounding their public policy an d their critiques of society's ills.

Labouring the Walmart Way Essay

1 Always low prices. Always. This is the slogan of the world’s largest corporation, a U.S.-based retailer whose big-box stores offer a one-stop shop, from groceries to garments to garden hoses. The secret of Walmart’s success is to give consumers the lowest prices-14 percent lower than its competitors (Greenhouse, 2003)-by increasing the efficiency of the supply chain, the productivity of the labour force, and the use of labour saving technology. Competitors must adopt a similar business plan, offer something Walmart does not, or go out of business-as Woolco, Eaton’s, Simp sons, and Woodwards have in Canada (Moore & Pareek, 2004). The influence of the Walmart model is not likely to wane in the near future. With over 235 stores in Canada and plans for rapid expansion, Walmart and its effects on labour are worth considering. Are its offers of jobs, its attitude toward unionization, and its influence on industry labour practices worth the low price on the shelf? 2 One of the most frequent complaints about Walmart, which employs 1.4 million people worldwide, is its failure to pay workers a living wage. Store employees are paid 20-30 percent less than the industry average, making many of them eligible for social assistance. It is estimated that American taxpayers fork out $2.5 billion a year in welfare payments to Walmart employees (Head, 2004). Because the retailer hires hard-to-place workers, like recent immigrants, seniors, and single mothers, its employees are often afraid they will not find work elsewhere. The kind of work Walmart does offer is gruelling: stores are intentionally understaffed-the strategy behind the company’s legendary productivity gains-so that existing employees will work harder (Head, 2004). It is alleged that systemic discrimination against women within the corporation has denied the majority of Walmart workers the chance at promotion, a charge that is now the subject of the largest civil-rights suit in U.S. hi story.

Why John a Macdonald Is Consider One of the Greaters Prime Minister

The greatest prime minister in Canada Introduction †¢After 143 of Canada been created by the father of confederation, it can be realize that nothing of this would have happen if it was for the persistence of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald †¢Three British colonies were formed into four Canadian provinces. The British Province of Canada was divided into the new Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and two other British colonies, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, also became provinces of Canada. Promise to connect west with east and in today’s environment that connection is still and icon in Canadians †¢Convince one important person in Nova Scotia so that this province would not retired from the confederation †¢Server 2 term in †¢He is consider one of the father or confederation †¢Second longest prime minister in Canada history†¢Only prime minister with six majority governments †¢won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, with two diverse European colonial origins, numerous Aboriginal nations, and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views Thesis Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada’s greatest Prime Minister was responsible for the founding of Canada and work hard to make this nation stable and prosperous The greatest prime minister in Canada Introduction †¢After 143 of Canada been created by the father of confederation, it can be realize that nothing of this would have happen if it was for the persistence of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald †¢Three British colonies were formed into four Canadian provinces.The British Province of Canada was divided into the new Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and two other British colonies, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, also became provinces of Canada. †¢Promise to connect west with east and in today’s environment that connection is still and icon in Canadians †¢Convince one important person in No va Scotia so that this province would not retired from the confederation †¢Server 2 term in †¢He is consider one of the father or confederation Second longest prime minister in Canada history †¢Only prime minister with six majority governments †¢won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, with two diverse European colonial origins, numerous Aboriginal nations, and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views Thesis †¢Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada’s greatest Prime Minister was responsible for the founding of Canada and work hard to make this nation stable and prosperous

Dove Case

Describe the evolution of the dove brand? The origins of the Dove brand lay in the U. S. In 1957 the first dove product was launched that was called the beauty bar. This product claimed that it was different than soap and that it would not dry out your skin. The advertising campaign for this launch was created by the Ogilvy and Mather advertising agency. The main message of this advertisement was that Dove soap does not dry out your skin because it contained a quarter of cleansing cream. The message that Dove does not dry out your skin was expressed in billboards, television and print. As time passed by minor changes were made to the slogan. For example, the term cleansing cream was replaced with the term moisturizing cream. The Dove beauty bar was endorsed by dermatologists and physicians for the treatment of dry skin in the 1980s. In the year 2000 Dove was approached to become a Masterbrand. This meant that Dove would lend its name to Unilever entries in the personal care categories. Next to the beauty bar category there would also be other categories where Dove would have an active name. For example, deodorants, hair care products, body lotions, facial cleansers and hair styling products. Now that Dove became a Masterbrand it was no longer sufficient to communicate functional benefits. Just because now there were different categories and functionality has a different meaning throughout the different categories. It was important that Dove would stand for a point of view. Having this in mind, research led to â€Å"The campaign for Real Beauty†. The ideas for this campaign started in the year 2002. There was a search for an alternative view of the goal of personal care. The findings of the research of this campaign showed that only 2% of the respondents worldwide described themselves as beautiful. Following this research the first exploratory advertising executions were initiated. In these advertisements ordinary people were used in supermodel contexts. This was called the Tick-Box campaign. In 2005 the next series of Dove ads were known internally as the Firming campaign. Firming campaign because a cream was promoted that would firm the skin. The goal was to change the way how beauty is viewed by society by provoking discussions and debates about â€Å"real beauty†. However this campaign was rather risky because they did not knew whether consumers would be inspired to buy a brand that focuses on real beauty and that does not promise to make you more attractive. The risk for Dove was that it would be perceived as an ordinary brand and would not stand out among the other brands for beauty products. In 2006 Dove ran an ad in the broadcast of the Superbowl football game. The next stage in the Real Beauty campaign of Dove was developing a film concerning self-esteem. Unilever defined a mission statement for â€Å"The Campaign for Real Beauty†. Namely, â€Å"Dove's mission is to make more women feel beautiful every day by broadening the narrow definition of beauty and inspiring them to take great care of themselves†. Later that year, Dove announced a contest where consumers were aspired to come up with their own ads for Dove Cream Oil Body Wash. This was a new product that would be launched in early 2007. Dove came a long way and was now seen as a brand of great value. Dove had grown a lot and was identified as one of ten brands with the greatest percentage gain with regards to brand health and business value for in the previous three years. How do you asses Unilever's branding strategy (i. e. reducing the number of brands and building masterbrands)? When looking at Unilever's branding strategy the focus lies on building masterbrands. This is a good strategy because the number of brands is reduced. Hence the focus lies on one larger brand instead of several smaller brands. This is good because it makes the decision making process a lot easier for the consumer. On the other hand it is also easier for Unilever because it now can put its energy on one larger brand. This means that the developments around the brand can be more specific. Meaning that you could create brand awareness more easily because there are less choice alternatives available for the consumer. Secondly, because of the masterbrand different products belong to one brand. This means that consumers can buy different products from one brand. The brand is no longer specific for one product category. Therefore if a consumer is loyal to a brand it will also buy more products that belong to that brand and will not go to competitors. For example, if the consumer knows that Dove offers a good quality moisturizing cream the consumer is more likely to perceive other products of Dove as good quality. Furthermore, if Unilever would not pursue the branding strategy of masterbrands it would lead to competition among the several smaller brands. You could say that each brand of Unilever would operate as a separate business, meaning that it would compete with its fellow brands as well as with brands of other firms. The previous would only lead to a division of Unilever which is not good for brand development. Instead the brands should work together because they all are a part of Unilever. Finally, the branding strategy of Unilever also provides possibilities of growth for the brand. By reducing the number of brands which are for example not profitable enough. The focus lies on the masterbrands and this reduction in costs can be used for the more promising masterbrands and therefore lead to growth by expanding product lines and so on.

Assess How Well Own Knowledge Skills And Understanding Meet Standards

SHC 22 Personal Development v1. 4 Title Level Credit value Learning outcomes The learner will 1 Understand what is required for competence in own work role Introduction to personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings TWO 3 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1. 1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own role 1. 2 Identify standards that influence the way the role is carried out 1. 3 Describe ways to ensure that personal attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work 2 Be able to reflect on own work activities 2. Explain why reflecting on practice is an important way to develop knowledge, skills and practice 2. 2 Assess how well own knowledge, skills and understanding meet standards 2. 3 Demonstrate the ability to reflect on work activities 3. 1 Identify sources of support for own learning and development 3. 2 Describe the process for agreeing a personal development plan and who should be involved 3. 3 Contribute to drawing up own personal development plan 4. 1 Show how a learning activity has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding 4. 2 Show how reflecting on a situation has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding 4. Show how feedback from others has developed own knowledge, skills and understanding 4. 4 Show how to record progress in relation to personal development 3 Be able to agree a personal development plan 4 Be able to develop knowledge, skills and understanding Additional information about the unit NOS ref CCLD 204 GEN 12 HSC 23 Themes recur as knowledge requirements, performance criteria and core values throughout HSC and CCLD NOS Unit purpose and aims This unit is aimed at those who work in health or social care settings or with children or young eople in a wide range of settings. The unit introduces the concepts of personal development and reflective practice which are fundamental to such roles, and GEN 13 SHC 22 Personal Development v1. 4 ways to implement the se. Assessment requirements Additional information This unit must be assessed in accordance with the assessment strategy for health and social care.Standards may include: Codes of practice Regulations Minimum standards National occupational standards A personal development plan may have a different name but will record information such as agreed objectives for development, proposed activities to meet objectives, timescales for review, etc. Sources of support may include: Formal support Informal support Supervision Appraisal Within the organisation Beyond the organisation Who should be involved may include: The individual Carers Advocates Supervisor, line manager or employer Other professionals

History of Western Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Western Art - Essay Example This piece was made in 1656, and exhibits some similarities to â€Å"The Arnolfini Marriage.† Velasquez uses refined technicalities, and combines them with profound representations, in order to create a court picture. The first similarity that can be made of these two works of art is in their content. They have human subjects as the main characters, but also incorporate dogs in them. The intended audience for both works is supposedly human. In Las Meninas, the mirror in the background reveals two people. They seem to be approaching Margarita (La Infanta), and her maids of honour. In Arnolfini Wedding, the portrait is a visual record of an event that takes place inside the confines of a palace. The audience in this case, is also reflected in the convex mirror placed on the wall behind Arnolfini and his bride. The three people reflected in the mirror are thought to be the audience to the event. In this portrait, there is a dog that is at the feet of the bride. The styles of the two portraits are also closely related. The body expressions used by the subjects are illustrative of the message being passed. In Las Meninas, the maid attending to Margarita is leaning towards her, indicating servitude. The other maid of honour behind Margarita is in a curtsy stance, to welcome the approaching party. The persons approaching this group as seen from the reflection in the mirror seem to be Margarita’s parents. In the Arnolfini Wedding, the bride has her hand in the palm of the groom. This is taken to be a symbol of her giving herself to him. The lighting in the portraits is from natural sources. In Las Meninas, light comes in through the door that appears to be close to an opening letting in sunlight. There also seems to be a light source towards the direction that margarita has turned her head. In Arnolfini Wedding, natural light come in through the open window. There are minimal facial expressions in both portraits. Natural colours are used in the portraits with various shades black and white featuring most in Las Meninas. In Arnolfini Wedding, blue, green and a deep shade of red break this monotony. The main context in both portraits appears to be family. In Las Meninas, there is Margarita who is being served by her maids of honour. From the mirror, her parents are seen seemingly approaching the group. This is why Margaritas head is tilted towards the direction that other subjects in the portrait are looking. The royal family in this case is present in the room. The setting represents how a child of the royal family is attended to. In Arnolfini Wedding, the first step to setting up a family is taking place. This wedding is performed in the privacy of a chamber, and is witnessed by very few people. Having become married, the couple can start their family, as the bride seems to be pregnant. The elegantly dressed persons in the portrait are symbolic of the royal families in the renaissance period. Part Two Humanism in art refers to a cul tural movement that was characteristic of 14th to 16th century art. The focus of works in this period was on humans. This is what set it apart from the earlier centuries that were dominated by Christianity. Humanism offered a different perspective to life. Humanism was a movement that praised humans for their achievements rather than owing it all to divine grace (Gardner, Kleiner and Mamiya). The subjects of painting in this period shifted from religious symbols, to humans and

The Effectiveness of the UGG Brand Management Research Paper - 1

The Effectiveness of the UGG Brand Management - Research Paper Example The history of UGG  ® registered trademark of Australia began in 1978, when Brian Smith, a young surfer, introduced his sheepskin boots in California and became popular among surfers. It was acquired by Decker’s outdoor corporation in 1995. In the next couple of years, the product line grew to include two boots, four slippers, and a few casuals. It was only in 1998 that UGG  ® came in the list of the world’s finest footwear. UGG  ® was positioned as the high-end luxury product and brand and a matching appropriate marketing and distribution strategy were adopted. This high-end product, the symbol of luxury and comfort, soon started expanding beyond Australia and beaches of California. In 2003 it was named brand of the year in footwear news. The brand promise of UGG  ® is an accessible luxury. Their products fit into the everyday life of the customers. Their products are fashionable, comfortable and yet attainable and that explains their philosophy. The target cus tomers are those people who value luxury, comfort and highest quality footwear. The quality is ensured by using the highest quality of leather, suede and the world’s finest sheepskin. Their mission statement is â€Å"UGG  ® Australia markets the premier brand in luxury and comfort.† UGG has their concept stores in North America, Europe, and the Asia Pacific. Apart from that they have their own authorized retailers and authorized online retailers almost all over the world (UGG, 2011). Today’s world is flooded with brands. We have witnessed the branding of almost everything around us including people. Even places, institutes, events, literally everything is branded.